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文本阅读题答案热门20篇

时间：2023-08-22 08:50:05 来源：网友投稿

文本阅读题答案第1篇Question1of14Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingistrueofthewhite-taileddeerofPugetSo下面是小编为大家整理的文本阅读题答案热门20篇,供大家参考。

文本阅读题答案热门20篇

文本阅读题答案第1篇

Question 1 of 14

According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?

It is native to lowlands and

It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of

It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open

It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once

Question 2 of 14

It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions

cause some deer to hibernate

make food unavailable in the highlands for deer

make it easier for deer to locate understory plants

prevent deer from migrating during the winter

Question 3 of 14

The word "inhibits " in the passage is closest in meaning to

consists of

combines

restricts

establishes

Question 4 of 14

The phrase "in the same breath " in the passage is closest in meaning to

impatiently

humorously

continuously

immediately

Question 5 of 14

The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?

The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over

Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting

There was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the

Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading

Question 6 of 14

According to paragraph 3, how had Fort Vancouver changed by the time David Douglas returned in 1832?

The fort had become the headquarters for the Hudson"s Bay

Deer had begun populating the meadows around the

Deer populations near the fort had been

Crop yields in the area around the fort had

Question 7 of 14

Why does the author ask readers to recall “the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer ” in the discussion of changes in the wilderness landscape?

To provide support for the idea that habitat destruction would lead to population decline

To compare how two species of deer caused biotic changes in the wilderness environment

To provide an example of a species of deer that has successfully adapted to human settlement

To argue that some deer species must be given a protected status

Question 8 of 14

The phrase “indefinite period ” in the passage is closest in meaning to period

whose end has not been determined

that does not begin when expected

that lasts only briefly

whose importance remains unknown

Question 9 of 14

Which of the following statements about deer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?

Deer populations reached their highest point during the 1940s and then began to

The activities of settlers contributed in unexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later

The cleaning of wilderness land for construction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer population has never

Since the 1940s the winter populations of deer have fluctuated more than the summer populations

Question 10 of 14

The word “rebound ” in the passage is closest in meaning to

decline

recovery

exchange

movement

Question 11 of 14

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential

Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable

Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better

Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to

According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific

Question 12 of 14

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a factor that has increased deer populations?

A reduction in the number of predators

Restrictions on hunting

The effects of logging and fire

Laws that protected feeding grounds of deer

Question 13 of 14

Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the Where would the sentence best fit?There food is available and accessible throughout the

Question 14 of 14

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2 Deer in the Puget Sound area eat a wide variety of foods and migrate seasonally to find

balance of deer species in the Puget Sound region has changed over time, with the Columbian white-tailed deer now outnumbering other types of

populations naturally fluctuate, but early settlers in the Puget Sound environment caused an overall decline in the deer populations of the areas at that

the long term, black-tailed deer in the Puget Sound area have benefitted from human activities through the elimination of their natural predators, and more and better food in deforested

Puget Sound deer migrate, it was and still remains difficult to determine accurately how many deer are living at any one time in the western United

it was believed that human settlement of the American West would cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of

biologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may create nutritional deficiencies for

文本阅读题答案第2篇

Running Water on Mars

Photographic evidence suggests that liquid water once existed in great quantity on the surface of Two types of flow features are seen: runoff channels and outflow Runoff channels are found in the southern These flow features are extensive systems-sometimes hundreds of kilometers in total length-of interconnecting, twisting channels that seem to merge into larger, wider They bear a strong resemblance to river systems on Earth, and geologists think that they are dried-up beds of long-gone rivers that once carried rainfall on Mars from the mountains down into the Runoff channels on Mars speak of a time 4 billion years ago (the age of the Martian highlands), when the atmosphere was thicker, the surface warmer, and liquid water

Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped "islands" (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous-perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains

Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early Period during which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its A 20XX Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta-a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into a larger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence for large open expenses of water on the early Martian A computer-generated view of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been an ancient ocean covering much of the northern The Hellas Basin, which measures some 3,000 kilometers across and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometers below the basin"s rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian

These ideas remain Proponents point to features such as the terraced "beaches" shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 20XX seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the

Aside from some small-scale gullies (channels) found since 20XX, which are inconclusive, astronomers have no direct evidence for liquid water anywhere on the surface of Mars today, and the amount of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere is Yet even setting aside the unproven hints of ancient oceans, the extent of the outflow channels suggests that a huge total volume of water existed on Mars in the Where did all the water go? The answer may be that virtually all the water on Mars is now locked in the permafrost layer under the surface, with more contained in the planet"s polar

Paragraph 1: Photographic evidence suggests that liquid water once existed in great quantity on the surface of Two types of flow features are seen: runoff channels and outflow Runoff channels are found in the southern These flow features are extensive systems-sometimes hundreds of kilometers in total length-of interconnecting, twisting channels that seem to merge into larger, wider They bear a strong resemblance to river systems on Earth, and geologists think that they are dried-up beds of long-gone rivers that once carried rainfall on Mars from the mountains down into the Runoff channels on Mars speak of a time 4 billion years ago (the age of the Martian highlands), when the atmosphere was thicker, the surface warmer, and liquid water

文本阅读题答案第3篇

What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The role of instinct in animal behavior

(B) Observations that suggest consciousness in animal behavior

(D) Differences between the behavior of animals in their natural environments and in laboratory

Which of the following is NOT discussed as an ability animals are thought to have?

(A) Selecting among choices

(B)Anticipating events to come

(D) Communicating emotions

What is the purpose of the honeybee dance?

(A) To determine the quantity of food at a site

(B) To communicate the location of food

(D) To identify the type of nectar that is available

The word "yet" in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) however

(B) since

(D) so far

What did researchers discover in the study of honeybees discussed in paragraph 2?

(A) Bees are able to travel at greater speeds than scientists

(B) The bees could travel 25% farther than scientists

(D) Changing the location of food caused bees to decrease their dance

It can be inferred from the passage that brain size is assumed to

(A) be an indicator of cognitive ability

(B) vary among individuals within a species

(D) correspond to levels of activity

Why are otters and mussel shells included in the discussion in paragraph 3?

(A) To provide an example of tool use among animals

(B) To prove that certain species demonstrate greater ability in tool use than other species

(D) To demonstrate why mother chimpanzees show their young how to use tools

The word "rudimentary" in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) superior

(B) original

(D) technical

It can be inferred from the statement about mother chimpanzees and their young (lines 20-22)

that young chimpanzees have difficulty

(A) communicating with their mothers

(B) adding quantities

(D) opening hard nuts

The phrase "the one" in line 24-25 refers to the

(A) study

(B) pair

(D) ability

Scientists concluded from the experiment with chimpanzees and chocolate chips that

chimpanzees

(A) lack abilities that other primates have

(B) prefer to work in pairs or groups

(D) have difficulty selecting when given choices

文本阅读题答案第4篇

托福阅读高分方法一：快速泛读(fastextensivereading)

泛读是指广泛阅读大量涉及不同领域的文章，要求读得快，理解和掌握文中的主要内容就可以。要确定一个明确的阅读定额，定额要结合自己的实际，可多可少，例如每天读20页。

托福阅读高分方法二：计时阅读(timedreading)

计时阅读每次进行5～10分钟即可，不宜太长。因为计时快速阅读，精力高度集中，时间一长，容易疲劳，精力分散反而乏味。

托福阅读高分方法三：寻读(Scanning)

寻读又称查读，同略读一样，寻读也是一种快速阅读技巧。

寻读是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一项特定信息，如人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等，而对其它无关部分略去不读的快速阅读方法。

托福阅读高分方法四：略读(skimming)

略读又称跳读(readingandskipping)或浏览(glancing)，是一种专门的，非常实用的快速阅读技能。

文本阅读题答案第5篇

托福阅读文本：

Biological diversity has become widely recognized as a critical conservation issue only in the past two The rapid destruction of the tropical rain forests, which are the ecosystems with the highest known species diversity on Earth, has awakened people to the importance and fragility of biological The high rate of species extinctions in these environments is jolting, but it is important to recognize the significance of biological diversity in all As the human population continues to expand, it will negatively affect one after another of Earth"s In terrestrial ecosystems and in fringe marine ecosystems (such as wetlands), the most common problem is habitat In most situations, the result is Now humans are beginning to destroy marine ecosystems through other types of activities, such as disposal and run off of poisonous waste; in less than two centuries, by significantly reducing the variety of species on Earth, they have unraveled cons of evolution and irrevocably redirected its

Certainly, there have been periods in Earth"s history when mass extinctions have The extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by some physical event, either climatic or There have also been less dramatic extinctions, as when natural competition between species reached an extreme Only .01 percent of the species that have lived on Earth have survived to the present, and it was largely chance that determined which species survived and which died

However, nothing has ever equaled the magnitude and speed with which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world and demolishing the In fact, there is wide agreement that it is the rate of change humans are inflicting, even more than the changes themselves, that will lead to biological Life on Earth has continually been in flux as slow physical and chemical changes have occurred on Earth, but life needs time to adapt — time for migration and genetic adaptation within existing species and time for the proliferation of new genetic material and new species that may be able to survive in new

托福阅读题目：

What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Why people in preindustrial societies worked few hours per week

(B) Changes that have occurred in the number of hours that people work per week

(C)A comparison of the number of hours worked per year in several industries

(D) Working conditions during the Industrial Revolution

Compared to preiudustrial times, the number of hours in the workweek in the nineteenth

century

(A) remained constant

(B) decreased slightly

(D) increased significantly

The word "norm" in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A)

(B) example

(D) standard

The word "henceforth" in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(A) in the end

(B) for a brief period

(D) on occasion

The "idea" mentioned in line 15 refers to

(A) the 60-hour workweek

(B) the reduction in the cost of automobiles

(D) the criticism of Ford by United States Steel and Westinghouse

What is one reason for the change in the length of the workweek for the average worker in the

United States during the 1930"s?

(A) Several people sometimes shared a single

(B) Labor strikes in several countries influenced labor policy in the United

(D) The United States government instituted a 35-hour

Which of the following is mentioned as one of the purposes of the Fair Labor Standards Act of

1938 ?

(A) to discourage workers from asking for increased wages

(B) to establish a limit on the number of hours in the workweek

(D) to restrict trade with countries that had a long workweek

The word "mandated" in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A) required

(B) recommended

(D) considered

The word "immutable" in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) unmatched

(B) irregular

(D) unchangeable

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as evidence that the length of the workweek has

been declining since the nineteenth century?

(A) The half-day holiday (line 7)

(B) Henry Ford (lines 11-12)

(D) German metalworkers (line 21)

According to the passage , one goal of the Japanese government is to reduce the average

annual amount of work to

(A) 1,646 hours

(B) 1,800 hours

(D) 2,088 hours

托福阅读答案：

CBBCD CDAD

文本阅读题答案第6篇

参考翻译：矿物质和植物

研究表明，某些矿物质是植物正常生长发育所必需的。土壤是这些矿物质的来源，它们通过水分被植物从土壤中吸收。即使是元素状态为气体的氮，也通常作为硝酸根离子从土壤中被吸收。众所周知，一些土壤缺乏微量营养素，因此大多数植物不能生长。例如所谓的蛇纹岩土壤，由于缺乏钙，只有那些能忍受如此低含量的钙的植物才能够存活。在现代农业，土壤矿物质枯竭是一个大问题，因为收割庄稼切断了养分返回土壤的循环。

矿物质缺乏通常可由特定的症状检测出来，如褪绿(叶绿素损失导致黄叶或白叶的现象)、坏疽(孤立的坏死斑)、花青素的形成(形成深红色叶片和茎色素沉积)、发育不良以及草本植物长木质组织。土壤最常缺乏的是氮和磷。氮缺乏植物表现出了刚才描述的许多症状：叶片黄化、茎短而细以及发生在茎、叶柄以及下叶表面的花青素变色。磷缺乏的植物往往发育不良，叶片变成特殊的深绿色，经常伴随着花青素的积累。由于磷流向新生的组织，通常较老的叶片首先受到影响。铁缺乏症的特点是嫩叶的叶脉之间萎黄。

大多数关于营养素缺乏症的研究都基于水培法，即在无土营养液中培养。这项技术允许研究人员创造缺乏某种营养素的溶液，然后观察对植物生长造成的影响。水培法的应用已经超越了基础研究，因为它促进了温室蔬菜在冬季的生长。空气培养法，一种把植物悬挂起来，将其根部喷上营养液的技术，是另外一种无土栽培的方法。

虽然缺乏矿物质会抑制植物生长，但某些矿物质过量可能会有毒，同样也会抑制植物生长。含有高浓度的氯化钠和其他盐类的盐碱土壤抑制植物生长，于是研究继续集中开发耐盐农作物品种。着重研究重金属的毒性作用，如铅、镉、汞、铝;然而即使是铜和锌这样的必需元素，如果浓度过高也会产生毒性。虽然大多数植物无法在这种土壤生存，某些植物却能够忍耐如此高含量的矿物质。

科学家早前就了解到，某些所谓的富集植物能够比普通植物多集中100倍甚至更多的矿物质。一项对已知富集植物的调查表明，它们中75%积聚了镍，而钴、铜、锌、锰、铅和镉则是其他选择性聚集的矿物质。富集植物存在于整个世界范围，它们可能是草本植物、灌木或树。芥属、大戟属、豆科和禾本科植物中的许多成员都是靠前的富集植物。许多富集植物被发现于热带和亚热带，金属可以为植物提供保护，对抗植食昆虫和细菌病原体。

直到最近研究者才考虑用这些植物来清理已经被有毒重金属污染的土壤和废弃物物处理点--一种被称为植物修复法的修复方法。这套方案首先从在目标区域种植超积累物种开始，如在废弃矿井和被径流污染的灌溉池塘。有毒矿物质首先被根吸收，随后被运送至茎和叶。收割下来的枝叶将被焚烧以移除有毒化合物或被制成混合肥料回收金属用于工业。经过几年的种植和收割，该污染点将被修复，而其造价远比修复污染土壤的标准做法--挖掘和填埋来得低。举例来说，在实地试验中，高山菥蓂从靠近一个锌冶炼厂的土壤中去除了锌和镉，原产自巴基斯坦和印度的印度芥菜可以将染土壤中硒的水平有效地降低了50%。

文本阅读题答案第7篇

Some animal behaviorists argue that certain animals can remember past events, anticipate

future ones, make plans and choices, and coordinate activities within a These scientists,

however, are cautious about the extent to which animals can be credited with conscious

Explanations of animal behavior that leave out any sort of consciousness at all and ascribe

actions entirely to instinct leave many questions One example of such unexplained

behavior: honeybees communicate the sources of nectar to one another by doing a dance in a

figure-eight The orientation of the dance conveys the position of the food relative to the

sun"s position in the sky, and the speed of the dance tells how far the food source is from the

Most researchers assume that the ability to perform and encode the dance is innate and shows no

special But in one study, when experimenters kept changing the site of the food

source, each time moving the food 25 percent farther from the previous site, foraging honeybees

began to anticipate where the food source would appear When the researchers arrived at the

new location, they would find the bees circling the spot, waiting for their No one has yet

explained how bees, whose brains weigh four ten-thousandths of an ounce, could have inferred the

location of the new

Other behaviors that may indicate some cognition include tool Many animals, like the

otter who uses a stone to crack mussel shells, are capable of using objects in the natural

environment as rudimentary One researcher has found that mother chimpanzees

occasionally show their young how to use tools to open hard In one study, chimpanzees

compared two pairs of food wells containing chocolate One pair might contain, say, five

chips and three chips, the other four chips and three Allowed to choose which pair they

wanted, the chimpanzees almost always chose the one with the higher total, showing some sort of

summing Other chimpanzees have learned to use numerals to label quantities of items and

do simple

文本阅读题答案第8篇

Question 1 of 14

正确答案：D

题目解析：以White-tailed deer做关键词定位至最后一句：The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia 说白尾鹿过去是什么什么地方的，现在是什么什么地方的，也就是它们的生活环境发生了变化，所以D不再在原来的地方生活正确。A说反，white-tailed deer现在生活在lowlands和marshes，而不是A说的来源于;B的比较关系原文无提及;C的replace没有提及。

Question 2 of 14

正确答案：B

题目解析：段落倒数第二句“Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late ”意思是：深秋时，鹿可能会从夏天高海拔吃草地区迁移到低地地区。深秋也就是快到冬天了，因为高地食物不够了，所以才去低地。对应B选项。很多同学会错选C，这部分同学应该是定位到了最后一句话：Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal 说即使有雪覆盖地面，高的understory会暴露(understory指的是林下植被)，而且还说风会leafy branches吹下来。C虽然提到了understory，但是easier说法和原文不符，原文说的是高的understroy在会曝露出来，有一定局限性，也没体现出比起以前更简单。A在原文物体及;D说冬天迁徙与上文的late fall冲突，也错。

Question 3 of 14

正确答案：C

题目解析：inhibit: 阻止，阻拦。A是组成;B是结合;C是限制，约束;D是建立。根据词意，C正确。对应原文：Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or 后半句说鹿吃别的东西去了，说明没有这种草，也就是这种草没长起来，之前说森林怎么样了这种草的生长，当然是阻止，A组成B结合意思差不多，都不对。D建立完全不靠谱。

Question 4 of 14

正确答案：D

题目解析：in the same breath从表面意思上说就是在同一个呼吸的时候，其实能够猜出文中的意思应该是同时或者立刻之意，所以D的immediately对。A是没有耐心的;B是幽默的;C是连续不断地;D是立即地。对应原文：The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game 带回原文，说那些人知道1800年代有很多鹿，但怎么样他们又因为没有鹿而难过，A没耐心B不幽默都不靠谱，C持续不能表达当时人们失望的心情，而且原文也没有信息说持续难过，不对。

Question 5 of 14

正确答案：A

题目解析：功能目的题，往前看，这两个人明显是早期探险家的一个例子，读前句说他们知道原本有很多鹿的但又没找到，很显然这句话不足以作为一个观点，往前看本段中心句：
The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound 本段中心句说鹿的数量变化很大，对应A选项的varied，所以A正确。BCD都没有提及。

Question 6 of 14

正确答案：C

题目解析：以人名和时间做关键词定位至最后一句：A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone in 1832, hunted to extermination in order to protect the " 说那些鹿gone了，还有被hunt了，所以应该是没有鹿了，B说反，C对;作者只是说把鹿打死为了保护农作物，没说农作物的产量上升，D不对;A没说。

Question 7 of 14

正确答案：A

题目解析：功能目的题，往前看，前句说the numbers of deer declined still further，鹿的数量进一步下降，然后才让读者recall哥伦比亚白尾鹿的例子，也就是说白尾鹿就是人类破坏生存环境导致鹿群数量下降的一个证明，所以答案A正确。

Question 8 of 14

正确答案：A

题目解析：A indefinite: 不定的。indefinite period: 没有限制的时间段。B没有如期开始，C非常短，D不重要都和不定没关系，不靠谱，A答案说这段时间的末端还没定下来，含有不定的意思，正确。

Question 9 of 14

正确答案：B

题目解析：B 问整个第四段，看首句，而且首句说reduction in numbers，与问题中的deer population重合，说鹿数量的下降预示它们的生存变得艰难，但看选项发现没有与之重合的选项，于是可以继续往下看，下面就说到有的鹿群完蛋了，但同时也有的鹿群繁盛了，众多答案中只有B说到鹿的数量增加，所以答案是B。当然也可以排除法，A选项关于1940s原文说early 1940s，跟答案说的1940s不一样，错;C说黑尾鹿没有了，刚好和原文黑尾鹿数量增加相反，错;原文没有冬夏对比，D错。

Question 10 of 14

正确答案：B

题目解析：B rebound: 反弹。A是下降;B是恢复;C是交换;D是移动。根据词意，正确答案就是B。

Question 11 of 14

正确答案：B

题目解析：B : in addition那部分和后面like举的那两个例子，都是非常次要的信息，可以忽略不看。主干部分缩略一下，去掉一些修饰成分后就变成：AE发现了browse in open areas更加有营养。longtime那里是对这个人的一个修饰(同位语成分)。B选项将主要内容复述了出来。A错在随意篡改语句的注意，原句根本没提到这个人的family;C错在biologist like E，这改变了原文的主语，而且it is important原句没有说;D把原文的非主干部分提升成改写之后句子的主干，结构改变，而且遗漏了主干内容，错。

Question 12 of 14

正确答案：D

题目解析：D，排除法，原文第一句就说这段主要就在说鹿群数量增加的原因，然后分别用first，second和but the most表明了三个原因，分别对应选项A/B/C选项，所以D是没说的，选D。

Question 13 of 14

正确答案：B

题目解析：B 有三个点，一是副词there指一个地点，所以在正确插入点之前必须存在一个地点，按这个来看，只有B和D有可能;第二和第三个点是待插入句当中的两个名词food和winter，按照上下句有名词重叠的原则，B对D错。

Question 14 of 14

正确答案：BCE

题目解析：The balance选项前半句是对的，但后半句与第一段的最后两句说反，应该是黑多，错 Deer populations选项对应原文第三段首句和第四段第二三句，正确。in the long term选项对应原文第五段首句，第二句和第四句，正确。because选项太细节，不选。although选项对应原文第四段首句和第五句，正确。wildlife选项原文没有提及，错。

文本阅读题答案第9篇

定语从句

托福阅读读完主句主语后，如果发现有定语从句的引导词that，which，who等，一定要跳过第一个或并列的几个带有时态的动词(定语从句的谓语动词)，直接寻找第二个带有或并列的几个带有时态的动词(主语的谓语动词)，并将从定语从句的引导词至第二个带有时态的动词之间的部分用括号括起来，括号中的这部分就是修饰主语主语的定语从句。这类句子的阅读解步骤与前面提到的托福阅读文章中的两类句子基本一致。

例子：

The Ediacara fossil formation, which contains the oldest known animal fossils, consists exclusively of soft-bodied

分析：主语The Ediacara fossil formation，which contains the oldest known animal fossils非现在性定语从句作插入，谓语consists exclusively of ，宾语soft-bodied forms。

定语从句先不读，读完句子主干之后再读。

下面我们按照上述步骤来理解这句话。

①读句子主干：主语(The Ediacara fossil formation)→谓语(consists exclusively of)→宾语(soft-bodied forms)

翻译：E化石形势只包含了软体动物，

②读主语的定语从句：which contains the oldest known animal fossils

翻译：包含了已知的最古老的动物化石

整个句子的意思就是：E化石形成，它包含了已知的最古老的动物化石，只包含了软体动物。

后置分词

有些长难句中，主语和谓语之间夹杂着一个修饰主语的后置分词结构，包括现在分词结构和过去分词结构两种。后置的现在分词结构比较容易辨识，在阅读句子时，可以将现在分词与谓语动词之间的部分用括号括起来，先读句子的主干，再读括号中的部分。后置的过去分词结构是个难题，不少人容易将过去分词错当成主句谓语动词的过去式。为了避免这种错误，在读长难句的时候需要分析主语与动词之间是主动关系还是被动关系。如果主语与动词之间是被动关系，而该动词前面没有表示被动关系的be动词，那么这个词就是主语的后置过去分词，而不是句子的谓语。将这部分用括号括起来即可，对于托福阅读试题解答就很有帮助了。读句子步骤如上。

Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine

分析：主语Petroleum，consisting of crude oil and natural gas后置定语做插入，seems to originate from谓语， organic matter宾语，in marine sediment地点状语。

下面我们按照上述步骤来理解这句话。

①读句子主干：主语(Petroleum)→谓语(seems to originate from)→宾语(organic matter)

翻译：石油看似来自于有机物。

②读主语的后置分词修饰成分(consisting of crude oil and natural gas)

翻译：包含了原油和天然气。

③读句子的其他修饰成分(in marine sediment)

翻译：在海洋沉淀里。

整个句子的意思就是：包含原油和天然气的石油看似来自于海洋沉淀里的有机物质。

文本阅读题答案第10篇

The word "merge" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ expand

○ separate

○ straighten out

○ combine

What does the discussion in paragraph 1 of runoff channels in the southern highlands suggest about Mars? ○The atmosphere of Mars was once thinner than it is

○Large amounts of rain once fell on parts of

○The river systems of Mars were once more extensive than Earth"

○The rivers of Mars began to dry up about 4 billion years

Paragraph 2: Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped "islands" (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous-perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains

The word "relics" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ remains

○ sites

○ requirements

○ sources

The word "miniature" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ temporary

○ small

○ multiple

○ familiar

In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that 105 tons of water flow through the Amazon river per second?

○To emphasize the great size of the volume of water that seems to have flowed through Mars" outflow channels

○To indicate data used by scientists to estimate how long ago Mars" outflow channels were formed

○To argue that flash floods on Mars may have been powerful enough to cause tear-shaped "islands" to form

○To argue that the force of flood waters on Mars was powerful enough to shape the northern volcanic plains

According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the outflow channels on Mars EXCEPT:

○They formed at around the same time that volcanic activity was occurring on the northern

○They are found only on certain parts of the Martian

○They sometimes empty onto what appear to have once been the wet sands of tidal

○They are thought to have carried water northward from the equatorial

Paragraph 3: Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early Period during which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its A 20XX Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta-a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into a larger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence for large open expenses of water on the early Martian A computer-generated view of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been an ancient ocean covering much of the northern The Hellas Basin, which measures some 3,000 kilometers across and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometers below the basin"s rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian

All of the following questions about geological features on Mars are answered in paragraph 3 EXCEPT:

○What are some regions of Mars that may have once been covered with an ocean?

○Where do mission scientists believe that the river forming the delta emptied?

○Approximately how many craters on Mars do mission scientists believe may once have been lakes filled with water?

○During what period of Mars" history do some scientists think it may have had large bodies of water?

According to paragraph 3, images of Mars" surface have been interpreted as support for the idea that

○ the polar regions of Mars were once more extensive than they are now

○ a large part of the northern lowlands may once have been under water

○ deltas were once a common feature of the Martian landscape

○ the shape of the Hellas Basin has changed considerably over time

Paragraph 4: These ideas remain Proponents point to features such as the terraced "beaches" shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 20XX seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential

○But detractors argue that geological activity may be responsible for the water associated with the

○But detractors argue that the terraces may have been formed by geological activity rather than by the presence of

○But detractors argue that the terraces may be related to geological forces in the Northern Hemisphere of Mars, rather than to Martian water in the

○But detractors argue that geological forces depressed the Northern Hemisphere so far below the level of the south that the terraces could not have been formed by

According to paragraph 4, what do the 20XX Global Surveyor data suggest about Mars?

○Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of

○The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of

○Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars" surface for long periods of

○The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry

Paragraph 5: Aside from some small-scale gullies (channels) found since 20XX, which are inconclusive, astronomers have no direct evidence for liquid water anywhere on the surface of Mars today, and the amount of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere is Yet even setting aside the unproven hints of ancient oceans, the extent of the outflow channels suggests that a huge total volume of water existed on Mars in the Where did all the water go? The answer may be that virtually all the water on Mars is now locked in the permafrost layer under the surface, with more contained in the planet"s polar

The word "hints" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ clues

○ features

○ arguments

○ effects

Paragraph 2: Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ■They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected ■Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern ■The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped "islands" (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow ■Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous-perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains

Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the

These landscape features differ from runoff channels in a number of

Where would the sentence best fit?

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2

There is much debate concerning whether Mars once had

●

Answer choices

○Mars" runoff and outflow channels are large-scale, distinctive features that suggest that large quantities of liquid water once flowed on

○Although some researchers claim that Mars may once have had oceans, others dispute this, pointing to an absence of evidence or offering alternative interpretations of

○Various types of images have been used to demonstrate that most of Martian surface contains evidence of flowing

○The runoff and outflow channels of Mars apparently carried a higher volume of water and formed more extensive networks than do Earth"s river

○There is very little evidence of liquid water on Mars today, and it is assumed that all the water that once existed on the planet is frozen beneath its

○While numerous gullies have been discovered on Mars since 20XX, many astronomers dismiss them as evidence that Mars once had liquid water

文本阅读题答案第11篇

阅读是与旧托福相比改变最少的，题目方向大体保持了一致。阅读在国内普遍分数都还好，但托福TOEFL的考试内容越来越BT，所以也不能小看。平时爱看书的人，积累的中文阅读能力强的，对英文阅读往往也有一定提升。

就像上面所说的，词汇掌握了，你会发现阅读变得轻松很多。阅读做题要以托福阅读真题为基础。平时不管是读书还是看新闻，都要有意识地练习scan、skip、skim的方法。具体做阅读题时，排除法很有效。

复习期间每天抽出点时间读读英文小说是很不错的选择。阅读的文章只要出现以下内容都应引起注意：举例证明、罗列式例举、转折、否定、因果、下定义、比较级(最高级)、同位语(插入语)、数字年代、特殊标点(引号、破折号)。

阅读当中遇到特别生僻或专业的术语，多少会在后面有所解释。阅读做题的时间比较紧张，比如我习惯一边看文章一边做笔记，虽然这样条理很清楚，但会让时间显得更紧张。平时要熟悉下机考的操作。比如我平常练习时大概每篇阅读能在15分钟以内完成，但具体考试时往往都是做到只剩两三秒……

文本阅读题答案第12篇

Extinction of the Dinosaurs

Paleozoic Era 334 to 248 million years ago

Mesozoic Era 245 to 65 million years ago

-Triassic Period

-Jurassic Period

-Cretaceous Period

Cenozoic Era 65 million years ago to the present

Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate Off and on throughout the Cretaceous (the last period of the Mesozoic era, during which dinosaurs flourished), large shallow seas covered extensive areas of the Data from diverse sources, including geochemical evidence preserved in seafloor sediments, indicate that the Late Cretaceous climate was milder than today" The days were not too hot, nor the nights too The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, keeping it relatively

At the end of the Cretaceous, the geological record shows that these seaways retreated from the continents back into the major ocean No one knows Over a period of about 100,000 years, while the seas pulled back, climates around the world became dramatically more extreme: warmer days, cooler nights; hotter summers, colder Perhaps dinosaurs could not tolerate these extreme temperature changes and became

If true, though, why did cold-blooded animals such as snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles survive the freezing winters and torrid summers? These animals are at the mercy of the climate to maintain a livable body It"s hard to understand why they would not be affected, whereas dinosaurs were left too crippled to cope, especially if, as some scientists believe, dinosaurs were Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advanced on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one? Although initially appealing, the hypothesis of a simple climatic change related to sea levels is insufficient to explain all the

Dissatisfaction with conventional explanations for dinosaur extinctions led to a surprising observation that, in turn, has suggested a new Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic). Between the last layer of Cretaceous rock and the first layer of Cenozoic rock, there is often a thin layer of Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the extinctions took by determining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay and they thought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay by determining the amount of the element iridium (Ir) it

Ir has not been common at Earth"s since the very beginning of the planet"s Because it usually exists in a metallic state, it was preferentially incorporated in Earth"s core as the planet cooled and Ir is found in high concentrations in some meteorites, in which the solar system"s original chemical composition is Even today, microscopic meteorites continually bombard Earth, falling on both land and By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of time, scientists can estimate how long it might have taken to deposit the observed amount of Ir in the boundary These calculations suggest that a period of about one million years would have been However, other reliable evidence suggests that the deposition of the boundary clay could not have taken one million So the unusually high concentration of Ir seems to require a special

In view of these facts, scientists hypothesized that a single large asteroid, about 10 to 15 kilometers across, collided with Earth, and the resulting fallout created the boundary Their calculations show that the impact kicked up a dust cloud that cut off sunlight for several months, inhibiting photosynthesis in plants; decreased surface temperatures on continents to below freezing; caused extreme episodes of acid rain; and significantly raised long-term global temperatures through the greenhouse This disruption of food chain and climate would have eradicated the dinosaurs and other organisms in less than fifty

Paragraph 1: Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate Off and on throughout the Cretaceous (the last period of the Mesozoic era, during which dinosaurs flourished), large shallow seas covered extensive areas of the Data from diverse sources, including geochemical evidence preserved in seafloor sediments, indicate that the Late Cretaceous climate was milder than today" The days were not too hot, nor the nights too The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, keeping it relatively

文本阅读题答案第13篇

According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the Late Cretaceous climate?

○Summers were very warm and winters were very

○Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature

○The climate was very similar to today"s

○The climate did not change dramatically from season to

Paragraph 2: At the end of the Cretaceous, the geological record shows that these seaways retreated from the continents back into the major ocean No one knows Over a period of about 100,000 years, while the seas pulled back, climates around the world became dramatically more extreme: warmer days, cooler nights; hotter summers, colder Perhaps dinosaurs could not tolerate these extreme temperature changes and became

Which of the following reasons is suggested in paragraph 2 for the extinction of the dinosaurs?

○Changes in the lengths of the days and nights during the late Cretaceous period

○Droughts caused by the movement of seaways back into the oceans

○The change from mild to severe climates during the Late Cretaceous period

○An extreme decrease in the average yearly temperature over 10,ooo years

Paragraph 3: If true, though, why did cold-blooded animals such as snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles survive the freezing winters and torrid summers? These animals are at the mercy of the climate to maintain a livable body It"s hard to understand why they would not be affected, whereas dinosaurs were left too crippled to cope, especially if, as some scientists believe, dinosaurs were Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advanced on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one? Although initially appealing, the hypothesis of a simple climatic change related to sea levels is insufficient to explain all the

Why does the author mention the survival of "snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles" in paragraph 3?

○To argue that dinosaurs may have become extinct because they were not cold-blooded animals

○To question the adequacy of the hypothesis that climatic change related to sea levels caused the extinction of the dinosaurs

○To present examples of animals that could maintain a livable body temperature more easily than dinosaurs

○To support a hypothesis that these animals were not as sensitive to climate changes in the Cretaceous period as they are today

The word "cope" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ adapt

○ move

○ continue

○ compete

According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of changes in climate before the Cretaceous period and the effect of these changes on dinosaurs?

○Climate changes associated with the movement of seaways before the Cretaceous period did not cause dinosaurs to become

○Changes in climate before the Cretaceous period caused severe fluctuations in sea level, resulting in the extinction of the

○Frequent changes in climate before the Cretaceous period made dinosaurs better able to maintain a livable body

○Before the Cretaceous period there were few changes in climate, and dinosaurs

word "fluctuations" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ extremes

○ retreats

○ periods

○ variations

Paragraph 4: Dissatisfaction with conventional explanations for dinosaur extinctions led to a surprising observation that, in turn, has suggested a new Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic). Between the last layer of Cretaceous rock and the first layer of Cenozoic rock, there is often a thin layer of Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the extinctions took by determining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay and they thought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay by determining the amount of the element iridium (lr) it

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential

○The fossil record suggests that there was an abrupt extinction of many plants and animals at the end of the Mesozoic

○Few fossils of the Mesozoic era have survived in the rocks that mark the end of the

○Fossils from the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic up to the beginning of the Cenozoic era have been removed from the layers of rock that surrounded

○Plants and animals from the Mesozoic era were unable to survive in the Cenozoic

In paragraph 4, all the following questions are answered EXCEPT:

○Why is there a layer of clay between the rocks of the Cretaceous and Cenozoic?

○Why were scientists interested in determining how long it took to deposit the layer of clay at the end of the Cretaceous?

○What was the effect of the surprising observation scientists made?

○Why did scientists want more information about the dinosaur extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous?

Paragraph 5: Ir has not been common at Earth"s since the very beginning of the planet"s Because it usually exists in a metallic state, it was preferentially incorporated in Earth"s core as the planet cooled and Ir is found in high concentrations in some meteorites, in which the solar system"s original chemical composition is Even today, microscopic meteorites continually bombard Earth, falling on both land and By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of time, scientists can estimate how long it might have taken to deposit the observed amount of Ir in the boundary These calculations suggest that a period of about one million years would have been However, other reliable evidence suggests that the deposition of the boundary clay could not have taken one million So the unusually high concentration of Ir seems to require a special

The word "bombard" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ approach

○ strike

○ pass

○ circle

Paragraph 5 implies that a special explanation of Ir in the boundary clay is needed because

○the Ir in microscopic meteorites reaching Earth during the Cretaceous period would have been incorporated into Earth"s core

○the Ir in the boundary clay was deposited much more than a million years ago

○the concentration of Ir in the boundary clay is higher than in microscopic meteorites

○the amount of Ir in the boundary clay is too great to have come from microscopic meteorites during the time the boundary clay was deposited

Paragraph 6: In view of these facts, scientists hypothesized that a single large asteroid, about 10 to 15 kilometers across, collided with Earth, and the resulting fallout created the boundary Their calculations show that the impact kicked up a dust cloud that cut off sunlight for several months, inhibiting photosynthesis in plants; decreased surface temperatures on continents to below freezing; caused extreme episodes of acid rain; and significantly raised long-term global temperatures through the greenhouse This disruption of food chain and climate would have eradicated the dinosaurs and other organisms in less than fifty

The word "disruption" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ exhaustion

○ disturbance

○ modification

○ disappearance

Paragraph 6 mentions all of the following effects of the hypothesized asteroid collision EXCEPT

○ a large dust cloud that blocked sunlight

○ an immediate drop in the surface temperatures of the continents

○ an extreme decrease in rainfall on the continents

○ a long-term increase in global temperatures

Paragraph 5: Ir has not been common at Earth"s since the very beginning of the planet"s Because it usually exists in a metallic state, it was preferentially incorporated in Earth"s core as the planet cooled and Ir is found in high concentrations in some meteorites, in which the solar system"s original chemical composition is Even today, microscopic meteorites continually bombard Earth, falling on both land and By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of time, scientists can estimate how long it might have taken to deposit the observed amount of Ir in the boundary ■ These calculations suggest that a period of about one million years would have been ■However, other reliable evidence suggests that the deposition of the boundary clay could not have taken one million ■So the unusually high concentration of Ir seems to require a special ■

Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the

Consequently, the idea that the Ir in the boundary clay came from microscopic meteorites cannot be

Where would the sentence best fit?

For a long time scientists have argued that the extinction of the dinosaurs was related to climate

●

Answer choices

○A simple climate change does not explain some important data related to the extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the

○The retreat of the seaways at the end of the Cretaceous has not been fully

○The abruptness of extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous and the high concentration of Ir found in clay deposited at that time have fueled the development of a new

○Extreme changes in daily and seasonal climates preceded the retreat of the seas back into the major ocean

○Some scientists hypothesize that the extinction of the dinosaurs resulted from the effects of an asteroid collision with

○Boundary clay layers like the one between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic are used by scientists to determine the rate at which an extinct species declined

文本阅读题答案第14篇

The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii

When the Hawaiian Islands emerged from the sea as volcanoes, starting about five million years ago, they were far removed from other Then, as blazing sunshine alternated with drenching rains, the harsh, barren surfaces of the black rocks slowly began to Winds brought a variety of

Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain A few of these spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the Lichens were probably the first successful These are not single individual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a The algae capture the sun"s energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish It is significant that the earliest living things that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island

Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns and mosses (two of the most ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock These plants propagate by producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant-but the spore are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of Vast numbers of them fall on the ground beneath the mother Sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or by But only those few spores that settle down in very favorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall on barren By force of sheer numbers, however, the mosses and ferns reached Hawaii, survived, and Some species developed great size, becoming tree ferns that even now grow in the Hawaiian

Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Islands were born from the sea), another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing This was a wonderful biological The seed has an outer coating that surrounds the genetic material of the new plant, and inside this covering is a concentrated supply of Thus the seed"s chances of survival are greatly enhanced over those of the naked One type of seed-bearing plant, the angiosperm, includes all forms of blooming In the angiosperm the seeds are wrapped in an additional layer of Some of these coats are hard-like the shell of a nut-for extra Some are soft and tempting, like a peach or a In some angiosperms the seeds are equipped with gossamer wings, like the dandelion and milkweed These new characteristics offered better ways for the seed to move to new They could travel through the air, float in water, and lie dormant for many

Plants with large, buoyant seeds-like coconuts-drift on ocean currents and are washed up on the Remarkably resistant to the vicissitudes of ocean travel, they can survive prolonged immersion in saltwater when they come to rest on warm beaches and the conditions are favorable, the seed coats Nourished by their imported supply of nutrients, the young plants push out their roots and establish their place in the

By means of these seeds, plants spread more widely to new locations, even to isolated islands like the Hawaiian archipelago, which lies more than 2,000 miles west of California and 3,500 miles east of The seeds of grasses, flowers, and blooming trees made the long trips to these (Grasses are simple forms of angiosperms that bear their encapsulated seeds on long ) In a surprisingly short time, angiosperms filled many of the land areas on Hawaii that had been

Paragraph 2: Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain A few of these spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the Lichens were probably the first successful These are not single individual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a The algae capture the sun"s energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish is significant that the earliest living thing that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island

托福TPO9阅读题目：Part3

The phrase "at random" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○finally

○over a long period of time

○successfully

○without a definite pattern

It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the fungi in lichens benefit from their symbiotic relationship with algae in what way?

○The algae help the fungi meet some of their energy

○The algae protect the fungi from the Sun"s

○The algae provide the fungi with greater space for absorbing

○The fungi produce less waste in the presence of

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential

○Some of the earliest important examples of symbiosis-the close cooperation of two or more living things-occur in island

○Symbiosis-the close cooperation of pairs or small groups of living organisms-is especially important in these island

○The first organisms on these islands worked together closely in a relationship known as symbiosis, which is particularly important on

○It is significant to note that organisms in the beginning stages of the development of island life cannot survive without close

Paragraph 3: Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns and mosses (two of the most ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock These plantspropagate by producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant-but the spore are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of Vast numbers of them fall on the ground beneath the mother Sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or by But only those few spores that settle down in very favorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall on barren By force of sheer numbers, however, the mosses and ferns reached Hawaii, survived, and Some species developed great size, becoming tree ferns that even now grow in the Hawaiian

The word "abundantly" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ occasionally

○ plentifully

○ usefully

○ fortunately

The word "propagate" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ multiply

○ emerge

○ live

○ evolve

According to paragraph 3, what was the relationship between lichens and ferns in the development of plant life on Hawaii?

○Ferns were able to grow because lichens created suitable

○The decomposition of ferns produced minerals that were used by

○Lichens and ferns competed to grow in the same rocky

○Lichens and ferns were typically found together in volcanic

Paragraph 4: Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Islands were born from the sea), another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing Thiswas a wonderful biological The seed has an outer coating that surrounds the genetic material of the new plant, and inside this covering is a concentrated supply of Thus the seed"s chances of survival are greatly enhanced over those of the naked One type of seed-bearing plant, the angiosperm, includes all forms of blooming In the angiosperm the seeds are wrapped in an additional layer of Some of these coats are hard-like the shell of a nut-for extra Some are soft and tempting, like a peach or a In some angiosperms the seeds are equipped with gossamer wings, like the dandelion and milkweed These new characteristics offered better ways for the seed to move to new They could travel through the air, float in water, and lie dormant for many

The word "This" in the passage refers to

○the spread of ferns and mosses in Hawaii

○the creation of the Hawaiian Islands

○the evolution of ferns

○the development of plants that produce seeds

According to paragraph 4, why do seeds have a greater chance of survival than spores do? To receive credit, you must select TWO answer

○Seeds need less water to grow into a mature plant than spores

○Seeds do not need to rely on outside sources of

○Seeds are better protected from environmental dangers than spores

○Seeds are heavier than spores and are therefore more likely to take root and

Why does the author mention "a nut", "a peach", and "a cherry"?

○To indicate that some seeds are less likely to survive than others

○To point out that many angiosperms can be eaten

○To provide examples of blooming plants

○To illustrate the variety of coverings among angiosperm seeds

The word "dormant" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○hidden

○inactive

○underground

○preserved

Paragraph5: Plants with large, buoyant seeds-like coconuts-drift on ocean currents and are washed up on the Remarkably resistant to the vicissitudes of ocean travel, they can survive prolonged immersion in saltwater when they come to rest on warm beaches and the conditions are favorable, the seed coats Nourished by their imported supply of nutrients, the young plants push out their roots and establish their place in the

According to paragraph 5, a major reason that coconuts can establish themselves in distant locations is that their seeds can

○survive long exposure to heat on island beaches

○float and survive for long periods in ocean water

○use saltwater for maintenance and growth

○maintain hard, protective coats even after growing roots

According to the passage, which of the following characteristics do spores and seeds have in common?

○They may be surrounded by several layers of

○They are produced by flowering

○They may be spread by

○They are able to grow in barren

Paragraph 3: Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns and mosses (two of the most ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock ■These plants propagate by producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant-but the spore are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of ■Vast numbers of them fall on the ground beneath the mother ■Sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or by ■But only those few spores that settle down in very favorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall on barren By force of sheer numbers, however, the mosses and ferns reached Hawaii, survived, and Some species developed great size, becoming tree ferns that even now grow in the Hawaiian

Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the

So since the chances of survival for any individual spore are small, the plants have to produce many spores in order to

Where could the sentence best fit?

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2

After the formation of the Hawaiian Islands, much time passed before conditions were suitable for plant

●

Answers Choices

○Algae are classified as symbiotic because they produce energy through the process of

○The first successful plants on Hawaii were probably lichens, which consist of algae and fungi living in a symbiotic

○Lichens helped create favorable conditions for the growth of spore-producing plants such as ferns and

○Seed-bearing plants evolved much later than spore-producing plants, but both types of plants had evolved well before the formation of the Hawaiian

○Unlike spores, seeds must move to new habitats in order to have a strong chance of survival and

○Seed-bearing plants arrived and spread quickly in Hawaii, thanks to characteristics that increased their seeds" ability to survive and to move to different areas

托福TPO9阅读答案：Part3

参考答案：

○4

○1

○3

○2

○1

○4

○2, 3

○4

○2

○3

○2

The first successful plants…

Lichens helped create favorable…

Seed-bearing plants arrived…

托福TPO9阅读翻译：Part3

参考翻译：夏威夷植物的到来

大约500万年以前，当夏威夷群岛作为火山从海洋中出现的时候，它们与其他大陆相距甚远。然后，经过了炙热阳光和湿润雨水的交替作用之后，那荒芜的黑色的岩石表面开始渐渐地变软。最后，大风就携带来了各种各样的生命。

孢子很轻，可以被微风携带着从更古老的陆地飘过几千英里并随机地降落在荒芜的山腰上。一些孢子在漆黑坚硬的岩石中找到了立足点，并生长起来，开始改造土地。地衣可能就是第一批成功安家的植物，它们不是单一的一种植物，每一个都是海藻和真菌的共生体。海藻通过光合作用获取太阳的能量，并将它储存在有机的分子中。真菌从岩石中吸收水分和矿物盐，并将这些作为代谢废物为海藻施肥。岛屿上的最早的生物群落以共生的方式存在是非常重要的。共生是一种依靠两种或两种以上的生物紧密合作而生存的现象，也是岛屿上生物群落非常重要的一项原则。

地衣有利于加速坚硬的岩石表面的分解，并产生了一层柔软的土壤，这些土壤可以提供熔融岩石含有的来自地球内部的丰富的矿物质。现在其他形式的生命就可以安家了：蕨类植物和苔藓(两种最古老的陆地植物品种)甚至可以在岩石缝隙里繁衍。这些植物通过产生孢子来繁殖，孢子是一些微小的有营养的细胞，它们携带了所有的用于生长一株新的植物的遗传物质，但是它没有任何外部表皮的保护，也没携带供应营养的组织。大量的包子降落在母体植物下面的土地上，有时候它们被流水和风带到了更远的地方。但是只有很少的停驻在绝好的地方的孢子可以开始新的生命，绝大部分的孢子会落在不含矿物的岩层上。占着绝对数量上的优势，蕨类植物和地衣到达了夏威夷群岛存活下来，并繁衍开去。其中一些物种体型巨大，成为橛子树，它们甚至现在还生长在夏威夷的森林中。

在蕨类植物进化了好几百万年之后(不过，还是远在夏威夷群岛出现之前)另一种植物开始在地球上进化：种子植物。这是一次惊人的生物进化，种子有一层裹在遗传物质外面的表皮，在表皮里面是一种浓缩了的营养物质。因此，种子物种的成活率相对于那些裸露的孢子大大地提高了。其中一种.种子植物--被子植物，包含了所有的开花植物。在被子植物中，种子被另外的一层外皮包裹着。其中的一些表皮很坚硬-就像坚果的外壳-可以提供额外的保护。有一些则很软、诱人，比如桃子或樱桃。还有一些被子植物的种子携带有薄纱一样的翅膀，比如说蒲公英和马利筋的种子。这种特征为种子转移到新的栖息地提供了更好的途径，它们可以通过空气、流水传播并可以保存好几个月。

一些拥有硕大的、可以浮于水面的种子的植物，像椰子，随洋流飘荡，被冲上海岸。对洋流变动抵抗的耐久性使得他们可以在海水的长期浸泡中生存下来。当他们停歇在温暖的海滩上，一旦条件合适，种子的外皮就开始变软。由于受到内部携带的营养物质的滋养，幼小的植物伸长出他们的根部，并开始在阳光下成长。

借助这些种子，植物传播到更远的新地方，甚至是像夏威夷群岛这样的孤立的群岛上。夏威夷群岛位于加利福利亚以西2 000英里和日本以东3 500英里。草、花和开花植物的种子经过长途跋涉到达这些岛屿上(草类是一类将其种子孕育在长长的秸秆中的简单被子植物)。在短得惊人的时间内，被子植物覆盖了大面积的夏威夷群岛上曾经荒芜的地面。

文本阅读题答案第15篇

参考翻译：火星上的流水

来自照片的证据显示在火星的表面曾有过大量的液态水。两种流动形式已经被发现：径流通道和外流通道。径流通道发现于南部的高地。这些流动形式有着庞大的系统--有时竟有数百千米长--这些通道相互交错、扭转，并可能汇入更大更宽的通道中。它们和地球上的河流系统非常相似，地质学家们认为它们是以前曾将火星上的雨水从高山携带到峡谷中的那些河流干涸后的遗迹。火星上的径流通道存在于40亿年以前(就是火星高地的年龄)，那时候火星的大气层更厚，地表更暖和，并且液态水分布很广。

外流通道可能是很久以前火星上洪灾的遗迹。它们只形成于赤道附近，并一般没有形成广泛的交错的网络。相反，它们可能是携带大量水从南部高地到北部平原的排水系统。由泛滥的洪水而产生的激流可能也形成奇怪的泪滴状小岛(就像是在低潮时湿沙地或海滩上看到的缩小版本一样)，已经在靠近出流通道末尾处的平原上被看到。从这些通道的宽度和深度可判断，当时流速一定很大--有可能是亚马逊河的每秒钟105吨的流量的一百多倍。大约在30亿年以前，北部火山平原形成的同时，洪水改变了外流通道的形状。

一些科学家认为早期的火星上广泛存在着河流，湖泊甚至是海洋。一份20XX年的对火星全球的调查照片显示了一个科学家们认为是三角洲的构造--一个扇形的沉积物和水流通道的网络，河流可能是从这里流入了一个更大的水体;在这种情况下，它可能是南部高地的一个火山口湖泊。其他研究者做了更大胆的猜测，他们认为那些数据表明早期在火星表面存在大量的水。一张关于火星北部极地地区的电脑图片说明有可能有一个古老的海洋覆盖了大部分北部的低洼处。那座有大约3 000公里宽，9公里深的希腊盆地也可能是火星海洋。

这些观点仍然有争议。支持者们指出照片里显示的台地"海滩"可以是由湖泊或者海洋蒸发干涸之后或者海退之后形成的。但是反对者认为这些台地也可能是由于地质活动造成的，也许与使得北半球比南半球地势更低的地质力量有关，在这种情况下，它们就和火星水系没有任何关系。而且，20XX发布的火星全球调查数据也表明火星表面含有太少的碳化岩层--含有碳氧化合物的岩层--它们应该是在古代海洋中大量形成的。这些岩层的缺失支持了火星是一个又冷又干燥的星球这一说法，并且不可能拥有形成湖泊和海洋的温和气候。然而，更新的数据表明至少该星球上的一些部分表面的确在过去的很长时间内存在液态水。

除了在20XX年发现了一些小规模的、不确定的溪谷以外，宇航员到目前为止还没有在星球的什么地方找到液态水存在的直接证据。而且火星大气中的水蒸气的含量也是微乎其微的。然而就算不考虑尚未证明的古代海洋存在的观点，出流通道的广泛存在就足以证明在火星上曾有大量的水体，水都去了哪里呢?答案可能是火星上所有的水实际上现在已经封存在其地下的永久冻层中，并且在极地地区最多。

文本阅读题答案第16篇

According to paragraph 1, what is true of plants that can grow in serpentine soil?

○ They absorb micronutrients unusually

○ They require far less calcium than most plants

○ They are able to absorb nitrogen in its elemental

○ They are typically crops raised for

Paragraph 2: Mineral deficiencies can often be detected by specific symptoms such as chlorosis (loss of chlorophyll resulting in yellow or white leaf tissue), necrosis (isolated dead patches), anthocyanin formation (development of deep red pigmentation of leaves or stem), stunted growth, and development of woody tissue in an herbaceous Soils are most commonly deficient in nitrogen and Nitrogen-deficient plants exhibit many of the symptoms just Leaves develop chlorosis; stems are short and slender, and anthocyanin discoloration occurs on stems, petioles, and lower leaf Phosphorus-deficient plants are often stunted, with leaves turning a characteristic dark green, often with the accumulation of Typically, older leaves are affected first as the phosphorus is mobilized to young growing Iron deficiency is characterized by chlorosis between veins in young

The word "exhibit" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ fight off

○ show

○ cause

○ spread

According to paragraph 2, which of the following symptoms occurs in phosphorus-deficient plants but not in plants deficient in nitrogen or iron?

○ Chlorosis on leaves

○ Change in leaf pigmentation to a dark shade of green

○ Short, stunted appearance of stems

○ Reddish pigmentation on the leaves or stem

According to paragraph 2, a symptom of iron deficiency is the presence in young leaves of

○ deep red discoloration between the veins

○ white or yellow tissue between the veins

○ dead spots between the veins

○ characteristic dark green veins

Paragraph 3: Much of the research on nutrient deficiencies is based on growing plants hydroponically, that is, in soilless liquid nutrient This technique allows researchers to create solutions that selectively omit certain nutrients and then observe the resulting effects on the Hydroponics has applications beyond basic research, since it facilitatesthe growing of greenhouse vegetables during Aeroponics, a technique in which plants aresuspended and the roots misted with a nutrient solution, is another method for growing plants without

The word "facilitates" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ slows down

○ affects

○ makes easier

○ focuses on

According to paragraph 3, what is the advantage of hydroponics for research on nutrient deficiencies in plants?

○ It allows researchers to control what nutrients a plant

○ It allows researchers to observe the growth of a large number of plants

○ It is possible to directly observe the roots of

○ It is unnecessary to keep misting plants with nutrient

The word "suspended" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ grown

○ protected

○ spread out

○ hung

Paragraph 5: Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyperaccumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than A survey of known hyperaccumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of Hyperaccumulators run the entire range of the plant They may be herbs, shrubs, or Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial

Why does the author mention "herbs", "shrubs", and "trees"?

○ To provide examples of plant types that cannot tolerate high levels of harmful

○ To show why so many plants are

○ To help explain why hyperaccumulators can be found in so many different

○ To emphasize that hyperaccumulators occur in a wide range of plant

The word "afford" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ offer

○ prevent

○ increase

○ remove

Paragraph 6: Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites that have been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metals-an environmentally friendly approach known as This scenario begins with the planting of hyperaccumulating species in the target area, such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by Toxic minerals would first be absorbed by roots but later relocated to the stem and A harvest of the shoots would remove the toxic compounds off site to be burned or composted to recover the metal for industrial After several years of cultivation and harvest, the site would be restored at a cost much lower than the price of excavation and reburial, the standard practice for remediation of contaminated For examples, in field trials, the plant alpine pennycress removed zinc and cadmium from soils near a zinc smelter, and Indian mustard, native to Pakistan and India, has been effective in reducing levels of selenium salts by 50 percent in contaminated

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential

○ Before considering phytoremediation, hyperaccumulating species of plants local to the target area must be

○ The investigation begins with an evaluation of toxic sites in the target area to determine the extent of

○ The first step in phytoremediation is the planting of hyperaccumulating plants in the area to be cleaned

○ Mines and irrigation ponds can be kept from becoming contaminated by planting hyperaccumulating species in targeted

It can be inferred from paragraph 6 that compared with standard practices for remediation of contaminated soils, phytoremediation

○ does not allow for the use of the removed minerals for industrial purposes

○ can be faster to implement

○ is equally friendly to the environment

○ is less suitable for soils that need to be used within a short period of time

Why does the author mention "Indian mustard"?

○ To warn about possible risks involved in phytoremediation

○ To help illustrate the potential of phytoremediation

○ To show that hyperaccumulating plants grow in many regions of the world

○ To explain how zinc contamination can be reduced

Paragraph 5: Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyperaccumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than ■A survey of known hyperaccumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of ■Hyperaccumulators run the entire range of the plant ■They may be herbs, shrubs, or ■Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial

Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the

Certain minerals are more likely to be accumulated in large quantities than

Where could the sentence best fit?

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2

Plants need to absorb certain minerals from the soil in adequate quantities for normal growth and

●

Answer Choices

○Some plants are able to accumulate extremely high levels of certain minerals and thus can be used to clean up soils contaminated with toxic levels of these

○Though beneficial in lower levels, high levels of salts, other minerals, and heavy metals can be harmful to

○When plants do not absorb sufficient amounts of essential minerals, characteristic abnormalities

○Because high concentrations of sodium chloride and other salts limit growth in most plants, much research

has been done in an effort to develop salt-tolerant agricultural

○Some plants can tolerate comparatively low levels of certain minerals, but such plants are of little use for recycling nutrients back into depleted

○Mineral deficiencies in many plants can be cured by misting their roots with a nutrient solution or by transferring the plants to a soilless nutrient solution

文本阅读题答案第17篇

参考翻译：恐龙的灭绝

很长时间以来，古生物学家们认为恐龙的灭亡是与因地质构造而引起的海洋和大陆位置变迁相关的气候变化所致。在整个白垩纪(中生代的最后的一段时间，这时恐龙正值繁盛)，广阔的浅海覆盖了大量的陆地。各方面的数据，包括海床沉积中的地理化学证据，都表明白垩纪后期的气候比现在的气候要温和得多。白天不是很热，夜间也不是很寒冷。夏天不是太炎热，而冬天也不是太寒冷。大陆上的浅海可能使其附近的空气少受影响，以保持相对稳定的温度。

在白垩纪后期，地质资料表明这些浅海都从大陆退回到主要的海洋盆地内了，没有人明白为什么。大约在100 000年内，海洋收缩了，世界的气候也随之变得更极端：白天更热，夜间更冷，夏天更炎热，冬天更寒冷。恐龙或许就是因为无法忍受这种严峻的气温变化因而灭绝。

如果真是这样，那么为什么冷血动物，比如蛇类、蜥蜴、乌龟和鳄鱼却能够幸免于寒冬和酷夏呢?这些动物都是依赖于气温以使其身体保持适合生存的温度。很难理解它们为什么毫不受影响，然而恐龙却如此的无能以至于无法适应，尤其是有些科学家认为恐龙是热血动物。批评者们也指出浅海在中生代曾有过无数次的进入大陆而又退回盆地的过程，所以为什么恐龙在前面的海洋起伏中能幸免于难，而在这一次中却不能呢?尽管最初人们这样认为，但是简单的与海平面高度有关的气候变化假设是不足以解释所有数据的。

对传统的关于恐龙灭绝解释的不满使得人们反过来惊奇的发现，从而产生了新的假设。当人们对比白垩纪后期的岩层资料和新生代(中生代后面的一个时期)早期的资料时发现很多植物和动物都突然地消失了。在白垩纪最后的一层岩石和新生代的第一层岩石之间，常有一层很薄的粘土。科学家们感觉到他们可以通过确定这层一厘米厚的粘土层中元素铱的含量来推测其的沉积时间，进而推测大灭绝所用的时间。

自从地球以来，铱元素在地球的表面上就不常见。因为它通常是以金属状态存在，并随着地球的冷却和固结而优先地合并到地核中了。在一些陨石中，依可能会高度富集，而这里常保存着太阳系内原始的化学组成。直到今天，小型的陨石也在连续不断地撞击地球，并掉落在陆地和海洋中。通过确定在一段给定时间内掉落在地球上的这种陨石的数量，科学家们就可以确定沉积隔层粘土的形成时间。这种计算表明形成这种沉积可能需要一百万年。然而其他可靠的证据则表明沉积这层粘土不可能花费了一百万年。所以这种不正常的铱的富集可能需要一种特殊的解释。

考虑到这些事实，科学家们就假设有一个较大的小行星，直径差不多有10到15公里，曾与地球相撞，所以碰撞扬起的灰尘等就形成了这层粘土层。他们的计算表明撞击扬起的灰尘遮挡了阳光达几个月之久，阻止了植物的光合作用，将陆地上的气温降到了零点之下，导致酸雨，通过温室效应造成了长期的、严重的全球升温。这种对食物链和气候的极大扰乱将可使恐龙和其他生物在不到50年的时间内绝迹。

文本阅读题答案第18篇

单词

根据自己的英语基础制定出每天能够坚持的，切实可行的背单词计划。

结合托福阅读文章记忆单词是颇为有效的方法。如脱离语言环境孤立地背单词汇，就很容易把单词的意义和正确用法遗忘或者混淆。而且，枯燥的单词书和字母表容易让人疲倦和产生挫败感。在精读托福文章的同时背单词，除了单词的收获，还能深入了解文章中的各类人文常识，趣味科普知识，从而产生每天坚持阅读，坚持背单词的兴趣和动力。另外，有效记单词的另一个重要原则是：一定要反复记忆。背过的单词一定要定期复习。

语法

掌握托福语法应侧重对句子的理解，应学会从句子的主干成分-----主谓结构入手，对并列句、比较句、指代句、复合句和双重否定句有充分的把握，注意人称、语态在句子中的变化，并结合句子上下问，正确地掌握其要表达的思想。要逐渐培养将一个长句子读成一个相对短的句子、即长句短读的能力。读完一个长句后自己能总结归纳，提炼其陈述的要点。

加大阅读广度

在和托福阅读8分以上的高分学员的交流中发现，他们的托福阅读技巧便是英语的积累阅读量大。有的是考前通读过多种托福阅读资料，有的是过去读过TOEFL、GRE和GMAT的各类文章，有的是因为工作的需要每天上网快速阅读英文参考文献。所以，积累和扩大自己的英文阅读量是迈向高分的必由之路。G类考试的阅读前两部分通常是使用性强的功能性短文，如菜单、产品说明、同志、住宿安排和广告等、非常贴近西方的实际生活，但对国内绝大多数考生而言很陌生。建议争取每天阅读一定量的原版英文报刊、书籍，如Time、Reader"s Digest等。尤其注意其中的各类广告。

提高阅读速度

说起托福阅读高分策略不能忽略的一个问题便是阅读速度。托福考试的阅读部分，无论是A还是G类，都是同时测试考生的阅读速度和理解的精确度。而如何快速地阅读完长文章，留出充足的时间回答各类题型，是考生必然面临的一个难题。要想提高阅读速度首先要改掉阅读的不良习惯。针对大多数考生的通病，提出下面4点注意事项：

1、扩大眼睛扫描的宽度。要达到托福阅读的速度，请注意训练自己一眼看过，至少阅读到3~5个单词。

2、阅读过程中只使用眼睛和大脑两大器官。不要小声读出来(使用了嘴和耳朵：))，不要在心中默读(能默读说明你一眼只看到一个单词

3、遇到生单词不用紧张，学会通过上下文猜大意

4、有重点地阅读，把握文章结构和大意

有了以上基础，还要有针对性地训练和提高托福阅读所要求的各种阅读能力。按照对获得托福高分的重要性顺序，这些阅读能力依次为

把握长文章结构(Understanding framework of a passage)

快速浏览文章(Skimming)

扫描特定信息(Scanning)

理解复杂句子结构(Understanding complex structure)

通过上下问猜测句意(Understanding meaning from context)

形成概念(Forming a mental image)

在准备考试的过程中，除了要做IELTS考题之外，还要进行泛读和快速阅读。泛读可以选择一些英美主流媒体的文章，在网站上可以找到，目的是熟悉单词和句型。快速阅读就是用扫描文章的方法对其结构有大致的了解，并把握其主旨。同时，在重点句子和词汇上做出标记。这种方法对阅读考试帮助极大，平时可多加练习。另外，为了提高阅读的速度还要养成良好的阅读习惯，不能边看边用嘴跟着读，眼、嘴并用必会降低阅读速度;一旦发现生词(这种情况绝大多数同学都肯定要遇到)，先不要紧张，要通过英语构词法(前缀、词根和后缀)来分析推测词义，或结合上下文、前后词语去猜测，如果根据上下文及前后词语还是无法确切了解其真正含义，可以再看一下这个词对整个句子所构成的影响是肯定的，还是否定的，实际上这对你理解作者的意图已足够了，实在不行就做上记号，将来看一看是否影响答题，如无影响就坚决忽略。

文本阅读题答案第19篇

Deer Populations of the Puget Sound

Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia

Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer"s Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or But this is fair-weather What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensationfor not hibernating is the built-in urge to Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal

The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson"s Bay Company, deer populations continued to David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the

Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and No doubt the numbers of deer declined still Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite "

The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of But the most profoundreason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in

文本阅读题答案第20篇

Minerals and Plants

Research has shown that certain minerals are required by plants for normal growth and The soil is the source of these minerals, which are absorbed by the plant with the water from the Even nitrogen, which is a gas in its elemental state, is normally absorbed from the soil as nitrate Some soils are notoriously deficient in micro nutrients and are therefore unable to support most plant So-called serpentine soils, for example, are deficient in calcium, and only plants able to tolerate low levels of this mineral can In modern agriculture, mineral depletion of soils is a major concern, since harvesting crops interrupts the recycling of nutrients back to the

Mineral deficiencies can often be detected by specific symptoms such as chlorosis (loss of chlorophyll resulting in yellow or white leaf tissue), necrosis (isolated dead patches), anthocyanin formation (development of deep red pigmentation of leaves or stem), stunted growth, and development of woody tissue in an herbaceous Soils are most commonly deficient in nitrogen and Nitrogen-deficient plants exhibit many of the symptoms just Leaves develop chlorosis; stems are short and slender, and anthocyanin discoloration occurs on stems, petioles, and lower leaf Phosphorus-deficient plants are often stunted, with leaves turning a characteristic dark green, often with the accumulation of Typically, older leaves are affected first as the phosphorus is mobilized to young growing Iron deficiency is characterized by chlorosis between veins in young

Much of the research on nutrient deficiencies is based on growing plants hydroponically, that is, in soilless liquid nutrient This technique allows researchers to create solutions that selectively omit certain nutrients and then observe the resulting effects on the Hydroponics has applications beyond basic research, since it facilitates the growing of greenhouse vegetables during Aeroponics, a technique in which plants are suspended and the roots misted with a nutrient solution, is another method for growing plants without

While mineral deficiencies can limit the growth of plants, an overabundance of certain minerals can be toxic and can also limit Saline soils, which have high concentrations of sodium chloride and other salts, limit plant growth, and research continues to focus on developing salt-tolerant varieties of agricultural Research has focused on the toxic effects of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, and aluminum; however, even copper and zinc, which are essential elements, can become toxic in high Although most plants cannot survive in these soils, certain plants have the ability to tolerate high levels of these

Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyperaccumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than A survey of known hyperaccumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of Hyperaccumulators run the entire range of the plant They may be herbs, shrubs, or Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial

Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites that have been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metals-an environmentally friendly approach known as This scenario begins with the planting of hyperaccumulating species in the target area, such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by Toxic minerals would first be absorbed by roots but later relocated to the stem and A harvest of the shoots would remove the toxic compounds off site to be burned or composted to recover the metal for industrial After several years of cultivation and harvest, the site would be restored at a cost much lower than the price of excavation and reburial, the standard practice for remediation of contaminated For examples, in field trials, the plant alpine pennycress removed zinc and cadmium from soils near a zinc smelter, and Indian mustard, native to Pakistan and India, has been effective in reducing levels of selenium salts by 50 percent in contaminated

Paragraph 1: Research has shown that certain minerals are required by plants for normal growth and The soil is the source of these minerals, which are absorbed by the plant with the water from the Even nitrogen, which is a gas in its elemental state, is normally absorbed from the soil as nitrate Some soils are notoriously deficient in micro nutrients and are therefore unable to support most plant So-called serpentine soils, for example, are deficient in calcium, and only plants able to tolerate low levels of this mineral can In modern agriculture, mineral depletion of soils is a major concern, since harvesting crops interrupts the recycling of nutrients back to the

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